Patented nitric-acid hydrometallurgical flowsheets that dissolve and recover all metals from ores and mine/process wastes, with ~99% acid recovery and a zero-waste inert residue suitable for site rehabilitation. Processes target nickel laterite, bauxite/red mud and Ti/REE feeds to produce saleable products such as high‑purity alumina, nickel–cobalt MHP, high‑grade hematite and high rare‑earth extractions.